Livelihood vulnerability and climate change: a comparative analysis of smallholders in the Indo-Gangetic plains

Abstract In the Indo-Gangetic Plains, one of India’s most productive agricultural regions, smallholder livelihood vulnerability can inhibit sustainable development. As there are significant differences in economic development, natural resources and productivity within region, we estimate Livelihood Vulnerability Index two districts (Vaishali, Bihar Karnal, Haryana) to determine suitable adaptation strategies under diverse conditions. To reflect different aspects climate exposure, include both self-reported shocks spatially interpolated weather data. The assessment 1127 households shows that while have similar exposure adaptive capacity levels, sensitivity dimension makes Vaishali more vulnerable change. reduce sensitivity, decision-makers should focus on improving infrastructure (e.g., permanent housing, latrines, health centers, alternative energy sources). improve risk policymakers promote expansion extension training for diversification, information communication technologies as well conservation agriculture.